Drx Er Noman Zahoor

Sedatives reduce anxiety and produce calm. Hypnotics induce sleep. Many drugs act as both depending on dose — low doses sedate, higher doses induce sleep, and toxic doses cause anaesthesia or death. Most act by enhancing GABA activity. Classification: Diazepam ⭐ IUPAC Name: 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one About: The prototype benzodiazepine. Long-acting with active metabolites that can persist … Read more

Anaesthetics induce temporary loss of sensation or consciousness. They are classified by route of administration and extent of effect. Classification: Thiopental Sodium ⭐ IUPAC Name: Sodium 5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione About: Ultra-short-acting barbiturate general anaesthetic. One of the oldest IV anaesthetics still in limited use. Historically used as a “truth serum” and in lethal injection protocols. Mechanism: Enhances … Read more

What are Medicinal Gases? Medicinal gases are preparations intended for patient diagnosis and treatment, especially in emergency conditions. Therapeutic gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, helium, and nitrogen. They are administered pre-operatively, intra-operatively, post-operatively, and in emergency situations. OXYGEN Formula: O₂ | Molar Mass: 32 g/mol Oxygen forms 46.6% by mass of the earth’s … Read more

What are Dental Products? Dental products are substances that prevent dental caries, dental decay, and provide freshness and cleanliness to the mouth and teeth. They are available as toothpaste, tooth powder, mouthwash, tooth gel, and dentifrice. Key definitions: Dental Caries — Demineralisation or destruction of the inorganic and organic matrix from calcified tooth tissue by … Read more

What are Antimicrobial Agents? Antimicrobial agents are substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms — bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. They are used in pharmaceutical and hospital settings as cleaners and dressings to maintain sterile areas. In medicine, they prevent and treat infections in humans and animals, functioning as both antiseptics (applied to living tissue) … Read more

What are Antacids? Antacids are substances that neutralise gastric pH by binding to or inhibiting gastric receptors. They inhibit excess hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach and neutralise rising HCl levels. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a pH of about 1.5–2.5 helps digestion by activating gastric enzymes. When its concentration increases it causes indigestion, heartburn, gastric … Read more

What are Haematinics? Haematinics are substances that provide suitable conditions for blood component formation and support the process of blood formation known as erythropoiesis. They generally contain iron or ferrous compounds essential for blood metabolism and prevention of iron deficiency syndromes. Supporting elements like zinc, copper, vitamins, and folic acid are also included. Bone marrow … Read more

What is Pharmaceutical Analysis? Pharmaceutical Analysis is a branch of medicinal chemistry that includes a series of experiments and procedures for the purification, identification, determination, quantitation, and characterisation of any chemical compound or component. In simple terms, it is the science of testing drugs — confirming their identity, measuring their concentration, and ensuring they meet … Read more

What is Pharmaceutical Chemistry? Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of organic chemistry — molecules and compounds — in combination with structural biology, chemical biology, and pharmacology for producing pharmaceutical drugs and medicines. In simple terms, it is the complete science of drugs — covering their discovery, design, metabolism, … Read more

What is Nomenclature? Nomenclature is the systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds. Two major naming systems are used in organic chemistry — the Common Naming System and the IUPAC Naming System. Classification of Organic Compounds Based on Carbon Chain Organic compounds are first classified based on the structure of their carbon chain: 1. Open … Read more