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Anti-Hypertensive Agents Antihypertensive agents are drugs used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Different classes work through different mechanisms to lower blood pressure. Classification of Anti-Hypertensive Agents 1. Propranolol Classification: Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker) — Class II Anti-Arrhythmic IUPAC/Chemical Name: 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol Uses: Stability and … Read more

Introduction Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system are medications used to treat a variety of heart and blood vessel conditions. They work by affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow. Anti-arrhythmic drugs specifically treat abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), which can be caused by heart disease, medications, or electrolyte imbalances. Classification of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs Class … Read more

Antidepressants treat depression and related mood disorders by increasing the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters — serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine — in the synaptic cleft. Classification: Class Mechanism Examples TCAs Block NA + 5-HT reuptake Amitriptyline, Imipramine SSRIs Selectively block 5-HT reuptake Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine SNRIs Block both 5-HT and NA reuptake Venlafaxine, … Read more

Also known as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). They work by reducing abnormal electrical activity in the brain through various mechanisms — sodium channel blockade, GABA enhancement, calcium channel blockade, or glutamate inhibition. Classification: Mechanism Drugs Sodium channel blockers Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine GABA enhancers Valproate, Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Vigabatrin Calcium channel blockers Ethosuximide, Gabapentin Glutamate antagonists Topiramate, … Read more

Also called neuroleptics, antipsychotics are used primarily for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They are divided into first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics based on their receptor profiles and side effect patterns. Classification: First-generation (Typical) antipsychotics — primarily block D2 dopamine receptors: Second-generation (Atypical) antipsychotics — block both D2 and 5-HT2A receptors: Typical vs Atypical … Read more

Sedatives reduce anxiety and produce calm. Hypnotics induce sleep. Many drugs act as both depending on dose — low doses sedate, higher doses induce sleep, and toxic doses cause anaesthesia or death. Most act by enhancing GABA activity. Classification: Diazepam ⭐ IUPAC Name: 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one About: The prototype benzodiazepine. Long-acting with active metabolites that can persist … Read more

Anaesthetics induce temporary loss of sensation or consciousness. They are classified by route of administration and extent of effect. Classification: Thiopental Sodium ⭐ IUPAC Name: Sodium 5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione About: Ultra-short-acting barbiturate general anaesthetic. One of the oldest IV anaesthetics still in limited use. Historically used as a “truth serum” and in lethal injection protocols. Mechanism: Enhances … Read more

What are Medicinal Gases? Medicinal gases are preparations intended for patient diagnosis and treatment, especially in emergency conditions. Therapeutic gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, helium, and nitrogen. They are administered pre-operatively, intra-operatively, post-operatively, and in emergency situations. OXYGEN Formula: O₂ | Molar Mass: 32 g/mol Oxygen forms 46.6% by mass of the earth’s … Read more

What are Dental Products? Dental products are substances that prevent dental caries, dental decay, and provide freshness and cleanliness to the mouth and teeth. They are available as toothpaste, tooth powder, mouthwash, tooth gel, and dentifrice. Key definitions: Dental Caries — Demineralisation or destruction of the inorganic and organic matrix from calcified tooth tissue by … Read more