Drx Er Noman Zahoor

What are Antimicrobial Agents? Antimicrobial agents are substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms — bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. They are used in pharmaceutical and hospital settings as cleaners and dressings to maintain sterile areas. In medicine, they prevent and treat infections in humans and animals, functioning as both antiseptics (applied to living tissue) … Read more

What are Antacids? Antacids are substances that neutralise gastric pH by binding to or inhibiting gastric receptors. They inhibit excess hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach and neutralise rising HCl levels. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a pH of about 1.5–2.5 helps digestion by activating gastric enzymes. When its concentration increases it causes indigestion, heartburn, gastric … Read more

What are Haematinics? Haematinics are substances that provide suitable conditions for blood component formation and support the process of blood formation known as erythropoiesis. They generally contain iron or ferrous compounds essential for blood metabolism and prevention of iron deficiency syndromes. Supporting elements like zinc, copper, vitamins, and folic acid are also included. Bone marrow … Read more

What is Pharmaceutical Analysis? Pharmaceutical Analysis is a branch of medicinal chemistry that includes a series of experiments and procedures for the purification, identification, determination, quantitation, and characterisation of any chemical compound or component. In simple terms, it is the science of testing drugs — confirming their identity, measuring their concentration, and ensuring they meet … Read more

What is Pharmaceutical Chemistry? Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of organic chemistry — molecules and compounds — in combination with structural biology, chemical biology, and pharmacology for producing pharmaceutical drugs and medicines. In simple terms, it is the complete science of drugs — covering their discovery, design, metabolism, … Read more

What is Nomenclature? Nomenclature is the systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds. Two major naming systems are used in organic chemistry — the Common Naming System and the IUPAC Naming System. Classification of Organic Compounds Based on Carbon Chain Organic compounds are first classified based on the structure of their carbon chain: 1. Open … Read more

What is Pharmacognosy? Pharmacognosy is the scientific and systematic study of the structural, physical, chemical, and biological characters of crude drugs — along with their history, methods of cultivation, collection, and preparation for market. The word comes from two Greek words: Pharmakon (a drug) and Gignosco (to acquire knowledge). Simply put, it is the study … Read more

Introduction of classification of Drugs Drugs are chemical constituents which are obtained by the natural/herbal sources or synthetic source. Technically and legally the term drug as defined in India under Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 reads as follows. Classification of Drugs Alphabetical classification of Drugs Alphabetical classification is the simplest way of classification of … Read more

What is Adulteration? Adulteration is defined as the admixture of a genuine article with spurious or harmful substances, resulting in a poorer quality product. It is one of the most serious concerns in the quality control of crude drugs. Common examples: Methods of Drug Adulteration Adulteration may be accidental or deliberate. It is especially common … Read more

Alkaloids Introduction The term alkaloid (meaning “alkali-like”) refers to basic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. Over 21,000 alkaloids have been identified so far. They contain at least one nitrogen atom, are generally insoluble in water (but their salts are water-soluble), and are freely soluble in organic solvents like ether and chloroform. … Read more