Table of Contents
TABLETS
- According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
- Tablets are defined as solid flat or bi-convex discs, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs with or without diluents.
- They are available in different size, shape and weight.
- According to USP, Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without Excipients.
Advantage of Tablets
- They are easily swallowed.
- They provide prolong stability to medicament.
- They maintain the accuracy of dosage.
- Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating.
- They are easy to carry.
Disadvantages of Tablets:
- Some drugs cannot be compressed because of their low density and amorphous nature.
- Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution and large dose are difficult to convert into tablets.
- Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients.
- Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable odour or drugs that are sensitive to oxygen may require encapsulation or coating. In such cases, capsule may offer the best and lowest cost.
- Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low density character.
Types Of Tablets
- Tablets ingested orally:
- Compressed tablets
- Multiple compressed tablets
- Enteric coated tablets
- Sugar coated tablets
- Film coated tablets
- Chewable tablets
- Tablets used in the oral cavities:
- Buccal Tablets
- Sublingual tablets
- Lozenges
- Dental cones
- Tablets administered by other routes:
- Implantation tablets
- Vaginal tablets
- Tablets used to prepare solutions:
- Effervescent tablets
- Dispensing tablets
- Hypodermic tablets
- Tablet triturates
Coated tablets:
- Tablets can be either coated with a sugar or film coating.
- A coated tablets generally goes down easier and with less after taste.
- It can be used to improve product appearance organoleptic properties.
- Coated tablets have a protective layer. This can make them taste better, last longer, and be easier on the stomach.
There are different types of coatings:
- Sugar coating makes the tablet sweeter and more appealing.
- Film coating is a thin layer that protects the tablet without making it much bigger.
- Enteric coating prevents the tablet from dissolving in the stomach so it can dissolve in the intestines instead.
Uncoated Tablets:
- Uncoated Tablets are rougher, may be more difficult to swallow and often leave a bad taste in the mouth swallowed.
- They are generally single layer tablets prepared by single compression of granules or multi-layer tablets consists of parallel layers prepared by compression of granules of different compositions.
- The formulated of uncoated Tablets to be chewed or to effect a slow release and local action of the active ingredient.
Tablet Manufacturing Process:
Formulation Design:
- Select the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) based on its therapeutic effect.
- Choose appropriate excipients for binding, filling, lubrication, and desired tablet properties.
Powder Preparation:
- Weigh both the API and excipients with high precision for consistent dosage in each tablet.
- Mill the ingredients to a uniform particle size for better blending and tableting.
Blending:
- Thoroughly mix the milled powders in large blenders to achieve a homogeneous mixture. This ensures consistent drug distribution throughout all tablets.
Granulation (Optional):
- This step improves flow properties for powders that clump or compress poorly.
- Wet Granulation: A liquid binder is used to create granules from the powder mix. The dampened material is then pressed through a mesh screen to form granules, which are subsequently dried.
- Dry Granulation: The powder blend is compressed directly into slugs. These slugs are then milled and sized to create granules for tableting.
Drying (if Wet Granulation):
- Only applicable after wet granulation. The granules require drying to a specific moisture content for proper compression in the next step.
Compression:
- The tablet press comes into play here. The dry blend or granules are fed into the machine.
- Dies and punches of specific shapes and sizes compress the material into tablets with consistent weight, size, and design.
Quality Control:
- Throughout the process, samples are pulled to undergo rigorous testing. These tests ensure the tablets meet quality standards for:
- Weight uniformity
- Tablet hardness
- Disintegration rate
- And other critical parameters
Coating (Optional):
- A thin film coating can be applied to the tablets for various purposes:
- Mask unpleasant taste
- Protect from moisture or light
- Control drug release (modified-release tablets)
- Enhance appearance and identification
Packaging and Labeling:
The finished tablets are counted, placed in bottles or blister packs, and labeled with essential information:
- Medication name
- Dosage instructions
- Expiry date
- Any special handling or storage requirements
Various modified tablets:
Sustained release tablets:
- These tables are used to get a sustained action of medicament.
- These tables when taken orally release drugs at a desired time and maintain the maximum effective concentration of drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
Extented release tablets:
- The drug is released slowly over time.
- The advantage of taking pills less often and there maybe fewer sideĀ effects as the levels of the drug in the body are more consistent in extended release formulations.
Fast dissolving:
- A tablet that dissolve or disintegrates quickly in the oral cavity upon the contact with saliva, resulting in solution or suspension of administered medicine.
Double layered tablet:
- These tables consist of two medicaments compressed successively in the same Tablets.
- These tablets have two layers that can contain different drugs or release the same drug at different rates.
- This can be useful for combining treatments or controlling how the drug is released in the body, but they are complex to make.
Table of Contents
TABLETS
- According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
- Tablets are defined as solid flat or bi-convex discs, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs with or without diluents.
- They are available in different size, shape and weight.
- According to USP, Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without Excipients.
Advantage of Tablets
- They are easily swallowed.
- They provide prolong stability to medicament.
- They maintain the accuracy of dosage.
- Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating.
- They are easy to carry.
Disadvantages of Tablets:
- Some drugs cannot be compressed because of their low density and amorphous nature.
- Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution and large dose are difficult to convert into tablets.
- Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients.
- Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable odour or drugs that are sensitive to oxygen may require encapsulation or coating. In such cases, capsule may offer the best and lowest cost.
- Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low density character.
Types Of Tablets
- Tablets ingested orally:
- Compressed tablets
- Multiple compressed tablets
- Enteric coated tablets
- Sugar coated tablets
- Film coated tablets
- Chewable tablets
- Tablets used in the oral cavities:
- Buccal Tablets
- Sublingual tablets
- Lozenges
- Dental cones
- Tablets administered by other routes:
- Implantation tablets
- Vaginal tablets
- Tablets used to prepare solutions:
- Effervescent tablets
- Dispensing tablets
- Hypodermic tablets
- Tablet triturates
Coated tablets:
- Tablets can be either coated with a sugar or film coating.
- A coated tablets generally goes down easier and with less after taste.
- It can be used to improve product appearance organoleptic properties.
- Coated tablets have a protective layer. This can make them taste better, last longer, and be easier on the stomach.
There are different types of coatings:
- Sugar coating makes the tablet sweeter and more appealing.
- Film coating is a thin layer that protects the tablet without making it much bigger.
- Enteric coating prevents the tablet from dissolving in the stomach so it can dissolve in the intestines instead.
Uncoated Tablets:
- Uncoated Tablets are rougher, may be more difficult to swallow and often leave a bad taste in the mouth swallowed.
- They are generally single layer tablets prepared by single compression of granules or multi-layer tablets consists of parallel layers prepared by compression of granules of different compositions.
- The formulated of uncoated Tablets to be chewed or to effect a slow release and local action of the active ingredient.
Tablet Manufacturing Process:
Formulation Design:
- Select the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) based on its therapeutic effect.
- Choose appropriate excipients for binding, filling, lubrication, and desired tablet properties.
Powder Preparation:
- Weigh both the API and excipients with high precision for consistent dosage in each tablet.
- Mill the ingredients to a uniform particle size for better blending and tableting.
Blending:
- Thoroughly mix the milled powders in large blenders to achieve a homogeneous mixture. This ensures consistent drug distribution throughout all tablets.
Granulation (Optional):
- This step improves flow properties for powders that clump or compress poorly.
- Wet Granulation: A liquid binder is used to create granules from the powder mix. The dampened material is then pressed through a mesh screen to form granules, which are subsequently dried.
- Dry Granulation: The powder blend is compressed directly into slugs. These slugs are then milled and sized to create granules for tableting.
Drying (if Wet Granulation):
- Only applicable after wet granulation. The granules require drying to a specific moisture content for proper compression in the next step.
Compression:
- The tablet press comes into play here. The dry blend or granules are fed into the machine.
- Dies and punches of specific shapes and sizes compress the material into tablets with consistent weight, size, and design.
Quality Control:
- Throughout the process, samples are pulled to undergo rigorous testing. These tests ensure the tablets meet quality standards for:
- Weight uniformity
- Tablet hardness
- Disintegration rate
- And other critical parameters
Coating (Optional):
- A thin film coating can be applied to the tablets for various purposes:
- Mask unpleasant taste
- Protect from moisture or light
- Control drug release (modified-release tablets)
- Enhance appearance and identification
Packaging and Labeling:
The finished tablets are counted, placed in bottles or blister packs, and labeled with essential information:
- Medication name
- Dosage instructions
- Expiry date
- Any special handling or storage requirements
Various modified tablets:
Sustained release tablets:
- These tables are used to get a sustained action of medicament.
- These tables when taken orally release drugs at a desired time and maintain the maximum effective concentration of drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
Extented release tablets:
- The drug is released slowly over time.
- The advantage of taking pills less often and there maybe fewer sideĀ effects as the levels of the drug in the body are more consistent in extended release formulations.
Fast dissolving:
- A tablet that dissolve or disintegrates quickly in the oral cavity upon the contact with saliva, resulting in solution or suspension of administered medicine.
Double layered tablet:
- These tables consist of two medicaments compressed successively in the same Tablets.
- These tablets have two layers that can contain different drugs or release the same drug at different rates.
- This can be useful for combining treatments or controlling how the drug is released in the body, but they are complex to make.